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[S1]    INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL SGML BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Bibliographic items [6], [10], [13], [24], [29], [39] and [42] in this
section are marked with an asterisk ("*") to indicate their relative
importance and as primary introductions to SGML.  Other titles in
section 1 represent general studies, but likewise may be reckoned as
essential reading.

[1]   Adler, Sharon C.  "DSSSL- Document Style Semantics and
      Specification Language. [TAG] 1/8 (January 1989) 8-9.  An
      overview of the standard by the editor of DSSSL.  For brief
      description of the goals of DSSSL, see the entry below on this
      Draft International Standard (ISO/IEC DIS 10179), [69].

[2]   Amsler, Robert A.; Tompa, Frank W.  "An SGML-Based Standard for
      English Monolingual Dictionaries."  In Fourth Annual Conference
      of the UW Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary:
      Information in Text. Proceedings of the Conference.  Conference
      held in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 26-28 October 1988.  Pages
      61-79.  Waterloo, Ontario: University of Waterloo, 1988.  The
      'Dictionary Encoding Initiative' referenced is loosely
      affiliated with the international Text Encoding Initiative; both
      projects seek to epploy SGML.  For SGML used in dictionary
      markup, see also [41] below.  Several of the Waterloo Annual
      Conference volumes contain articles germane to descriptively-
      tagged and SGML-tagged text.  For further details on the
      Waterloo Centre, see [19] below.

[3]   Ballanti, Anna; Cork, Deborah; Dam, Lex van; Jonghe, Jurgen de;
      Herwijnen, Eric van; Nijdam, Marco; Samarin, Alexandre; Shave,
      Tony.  "Text Processing at CERN.  Part 1: Overview."  SGML
      Users' Group Bulletin 3/2 (1988) 39-54.

[4]   Barnard, David T.; Fraser, Cheryl A.; Logan, George M.
      "Generalized Markup for Literary Texts."  Literary and
      Linguistic Computing 3/1 (1988) 26-31.   Abstract: Encoding
      literary texts for analysis, electronic transmission, or
      publication requires the marking of various substantive,
      structural and formal features.  The development of a standard
      comprehensive markup language for these purposes is a
      desideratum.  This paper offers a set of requirements for such a
      language, reviews related work, and describes a newly-created
      standard based on the Standard Generalized Markup Language.

[5]   Barnard, David T.; Hayter, Ron; Karababa, Maria; Logan, George
      M.; McFadden, John.  "SGML Based Markup for Literary Texts: Two
      Problems and Some Solutions."  Computers and the Humanities 22/4
      (1988) 265-276.  ISSN: 0010-4817.  (Revision of Technical Report
      204, Queen's University Department of Computing and Information
      Science, 1988, ISSN 0836-0227).   Abstract: There is wide
      agreement on the need for a markup standard for encoding
      literary texts.  The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
      seems to provide the best basis for such a standard. But two
      problems inhibit the acceptance of SGML for this purpose. (1)
      Computer-assisted textual studies often require the maintenance
      of multiple views of a document's structure but SGML is not
      designed to accommodate such views.  (2) An SGML-based standard
      would appear to entail the keyboarding of more markup than
      researchers are accustomed to, or are likely to accept. We
      discuss five ways of reducing the burden of markup.  We conclude
      that the problem of maintaining multiple views can be
      surmounted, though with some difficulty, and that the markup
      required for an SGML-based standard can be reduced to a level
      comparable to that of other markup schemes currently in use.

[6]   *Barron, David.  "Why Use SGML?"  Electronic Publishing:
      Origination, Dissemination and Design (EPOdd) 2/1 (April 1989)
      3-24. CODEN: EPODEU; ISSN 0894-3982.   Abstract: The Standard
      Generalised Markup Language (SGML) is a recently-adopted
      International Standard (ISO 8879).  The paper presents some
      background material on markup systems, gives a brief account of
      SGML, and attempts to clarify the precise nature and purpose of
      SGML, which are widely misunderstood.  It then goes on to
      explore the reasons why SGML should (or should not) be used in
      preference to older-established systems.  A summary of the
      article is also printed in "Why Use SGML," SGML Users' Group
      Newsletter 13 (August 1989) 10.

[7]   Bryan, Martin.  "Creating Informative Document Models."  SGML
      Users' Group Newsletter 20 (September 1991) 12-17.

[8]   Burnard, Lou.  "What is SGML and How Does it Help?"  Pp. 65-79
      in Modelling Historical Data: Towards a Standard for Encoding
      and Exchanging Machine-Readable Texts, 1991.   See volume
      information sub the editor, Daniel Greenstein, [21] below.  A
      revised copy of the article in tagged electronic format is
      available from the TEI-L LISTSERVer (listserv@uicvm on BITNET)
      as EDW25 LDOC, October 1, 1991.

[9]   Chamberlin, Donald Dean; Goldfarb, Charles F.  "Graphic
      Applications of the Standard Generalized Markup Language
      (SGML)." Computers and Graphics 11/4 (1987) 343-358.  ISSN:
      0097-8493.   Abstract: The Standard Generalized Markup Language
      (SGML) is a language for representing document structure. This
      paper discusses ways in which the SGML language might be used to
      represent graphic as well as textual contents of a document. By
      using SGML markup for both graphics and text, a document
      processing application can achieve a more uniform treatment and
      tighter coupling between these two types of materials.

[10]  *Coombs, James; Renear, Allen; DeRose, Steven J. "Markup Systems
      and the Future of Scholarly Text Processing." CACM 30/11 (1987)
      933-947. ISSN: 0001-0782.  Cf. CACM 31/7 (July 1988) 810-811.
      Abstract: The authors argue that many word processing systems
      distract authors from their tasks of research and composition,
      toward concern with typographic and other tasks.  Emphasis on
      "WYSIWYG", while helpful for display, has ignored a more
      fundamental concern: representing document structure.  Four main
      types of markup are analyzed: Punctuational (spaces,
      punctuation,...), presentational (layout, font choice,...),
      procedural (formatting commands), and descriptive (mnemonic
      labels for document elements).  Only some ancient manuscripts
      have no markup.  Any form of markup can be formatted for
      display, but descriptive markup is privileged because it
      reflects the underlying structure.  ISO SGML is a descriptive
      markup standard, but most benefits are available even before a
      standard is widely accepted.  A descriptively marked-up document
      is not tied to formatting or printing capabilities.  It is
      maintainable, for the typographic realization of any type of
      element can be changed in a single operation, with guaranteed
      consistency.  It can be understood even with [emph]no[/] markup
      formatting software: compare "[blockquote]" to ".sk 3 a; .in +10
      -10; .ls 0; .cp 2".  It is relatively portable across views,
      applications and systems.  Descriptive markup also minimizes
      cognitive demands: the author need only recall (or recognize in
      a menu) a mnemonic for the desired element, rather than also
      deciding how it is currently to appear, and recalling how to
      obtain that appearance.  Most of this extra work is thrown away
      before final copy; descriptive markup allows authors to focus on
      authorship. (abstract supplied by Steve DeRose)

[11]  Cover, Robin; Duncan, Nicholas; Barnard, David.  "The Progress
      of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language): Extracts from a
      Comprehensive Bibliography."  Literary and Linguistic Computing
      6/3 (1991) 200-212. ISSN: 0268-1145.   The article includes
      introductory essay sections delineating the fundamental
      conceptions of SGML, its broad application, and the advantages
      it brings to academia, industry and government sectors. For a
      description of the complete bibliographic database itself, see
      further under section 9, item [133] below.

[12]  Cruz, Gil C.; Judd, Thomas J.  "The Role of a Descriptive Markup
      Language in the Creation of Interactive Multimedia Documents for
      Customized Electronic Delivery.  In Electronic Publishing '90:
      Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic
      Publishing, Document Manipulation and Typography (Gaithersburg,
      Maryland, September 1990).  Pages 249-262.  The Cambridge Series
      on Electronic Publishing.  Cambridge: Cambridge University
      Press, 1990.

[13]  *DeRose, Steven J.; Durand, David G.; Mylonas, Elli; Renear,
      Allen H.  "What is Text, Really?"  Journal of Computing in
      Higher Education 1/2 (Winter 1990) 3-26.  ISSN: 1042-1726.
      Abstract:  "The way in which text is represented on a computer
      affects the kinds of uses to which it can be put by its creator
      and by subsequent users.  The electronic document model
      currently in use is impoverished and restrictive.  The authors
      agree that text is best represented as an ordered hierarchy of
      content object[s] (OHCO), because that is what text really is.
      This model conforms with emerging standards such as SGML and
      contains within it advantages for the writer, publisher, and
      researcher.  The authors then describe how the hierarchical
      model can allow future use and reuse of the document as a
      database, hypertext or network."

[14]  Ellison, Paul A.  "SGML and Related Information Standards."  Pp.
      17-28 (1-12) in Document Exchange: The Use of SGML in the UK
      Academic and Research Community.  Workshop Proceedings 5-7 March
      1990 (see [28]below).   Abstract: "This paper explains the
      position of four ISO 'standards' (only one agreed standard, one
      draft standard and two draft proposals) in the area of text and
      office information processing.  Those standards are SGML
      (Standard Generalized Markup Language), the 'Fonts' standard
      (Font Architecture and Interchange Format), DSSSL (Document
      Style Semantics and Specification Language), and SPDL (Standard
      Page Description Language). . . In addition, the paper relates
      these standards to ODA (Office Document Architecture) and places
      SGML and ODA in their own contexts."

[15]  Fahmy, Eanass; Barnard, David T.  "Adding Hypertext Links to an
      Archive of Documents."  Canadian Journal of Information Science
      15/3 (September 1990) 26-41.   Abstract: Texts are characterized
      by various types of linkages, within themselves and with other
      documents, which may be either explicit or implicit.  When texts
      are available in machine-readable form, the ability to trace
      linkages should become much easier, and more complex tracing of
      linkages should be possible.  Hypertext is an electronic
      document paradigm whose distinguishing feature is machine
      support for the building and tracing of intra- and inter-
      document links; a document is viewed as a collection of nodes
      connected by directed links.  A limitation of many hypertext
      systems is that all links must be created explicitly by the
      user. This is impractical in many situations, and it is
      unnecessary if the link structure is inherent in the  documents
      themselves.  The work described in our paper is motivated by the
      perceived need to extend the hypertext paradigm so that links
      can be derived from a collection of documents.  We explore how a
      rich set of links connecting documents in a text archive can be
      programmatically generated, and present a set of link types that
      are useful, specifiable and computable.  The documents in the
      archive are encoded using the Standard Generalized Markup
      Language, which views a document as a hierarchical organization
      of document elements.  The archive, therefore, consists of a
      forest of document trees.

[16]  Gaspart, Jean-Pierre.  "Use of the SGML Parser at the Office for
      Official Publications of the European Communities (OPOCE)."
      SGML Users' Group Bulletin 2/1 (1987) 29-36.

[17]  Gennusa, Pamela L.  "Advantages of an SGML Implementation for
      Management of an Electronic Text Database."  SGML Users' Group
      Bulletin 2/2 (1987) 73-86.

[18]  Goldfarb, Charles F. "A Generalized Approach to Document
      Markup." Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text
      Manipulation.  = SIGPLAN Notices 16/6 (1981) 68-73.  Conference
      proceedings containing this paper also available as SIGOA
      Newsletter 2/1-2 (Spring/Summer 1981).

[19]  Gonnet, Gaston.  "Examples of PAT Applied to the Oxford English
      Dictionary."  Technical Report OED-87-02. University of Waterloo
      Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary.  July, 1987.   PAT
      and associated text processing tools are built around
      descriptively-marked text, even if not specifically SGML text.
      Compare also "PAT, GOEDEL, LECTOR and More: Text-dominated
      Database Software, " pp. 83-84 in: Tools for Humanists, 1989. A
      Guidebook to the Software and Hardware Fair Held in Conjunction
      with the Dynamic Text 6-9 June 1989 Toronto.  Toronto, Ontario:
      Centre for Computing in the Humanities, 1989.  The article
      describes several software tools developed at the Waterloo
      Centre, including TRUC (an editor for SGML or SGML-style tagged
      text).  TRUC supports multiple views of a tagged document, based
      upon use of style-sheets.

      The University of Waterloo has pioneered several important
      research efforts in the study of machine-readable lexical
      databases, machine transduction and generation of descriptively
      marked-up electronic texts (SGML-style markup).  The Centre has
      also developed software to search, interactively display and
      format text structured with descriptive markup.   These tools
      were developed for the New Oxford English Dictionary Project
      with the long range goal of application to other texts.  A
      Newsletter is issued by the Centre describing ongoing research,
      publications, software enhancements, work of visiting scholars,
      conferences and other events.  Persons interested in the
      Centre's research and publications may write for a current
      document list (e.g., especially the several publications and
      technical reports by Darrell R. Raymond, Donna L. Berg, Gaston
      H. Gonnet, Timothy J. Benbow, Heather J. Fawcett, Rick Kazman,
      Frank Wm. Tompa, George V. J. Townsend.  See [20], [33] and [41]
      in this bibliography.  Address: Electronic Text Research; Centre
      for the New Oxford English Dictionary; Davis Centre; University
      of Waterloo; Waterloo, Ontario; Canada N2L 3G1 TEL: (1 519) 885-
      1211 extension 6183; Email (Internet):newoed@waterloo.edu.

[20]  Gonnet, Gaston; Tompa, Frank W.  "Mind Your Grammar: A New
      Approach to Modelling Text."  Technical Report OED-87-01.
      University of Waterloo Centre for the New Oxford English
      Dictionary.  February, 1987.  Abstract: Beginning to create the
      New Oxford English Dictionary database has resulted in the
      realization that databases for reference texts are unlike those
      for conventional enterprises.  While the traditional approaches
      to database design and development are sound, the particular
      techniques used for commercial databases have been repeatedly
      found to be inappropriate for text-dominated databases, such as
      the New OED.

      In the same way that the relational model was developed based on
      experiences gained from earlier database approaches, the
      grammar-based model presented here builds on the traditional
      foundations of computer science, and particularly database
      theory and practice.  This new model uses grammars as schemas
      and "parsed strings" as instances.  Operators on the parsed
      strings are defined, resulting in a "p-string algebra" that can
      be used for manipulation and view definition.

      The model is representation-independent and the operators are
      non-navigational, so that efficient implementations may be
      developed for unknown future hardware and operating systems.
      Several approaches to storage structures and efficient
      processing algorithms for representative hardware configurations
      have been investigated.

[21]  Greenstein, Daniel I. (editor).  Modelling Historical Data:
      Towards a Standard for Encoding and Exchanging Machine-Readable
      Texts.  Halbgraue Reihe zur Historischen Fachinformatik, Serie
      A, Historische Quellenkunden (edited by Manfred Thaller).  Band
      11.   Published for the Max-Planck-Institut f&uuml;r Geschiche,
      by Scripta Mercaturae Verlag (St. Katharinen), 1991.  iv + 223
      pages.  ISBN: 3-928134-45-0.  A collection of fourteen essays on
      various aspects of conceptual modelling and development of
      standardized encoding methods for representing knowledge in
      historical texts.  The contributions are by Manfred Thaller, Lou
      Burnard, Daniel I. Greenstein, Hannes D. Galter, Ingo H.
      Kropa&ccaron;, Donald A. Spaeth, Hans J&oslash;rgen Marker,
      Thomas Werner, Jan Oldervoll, and Kevin Schurer.  The essays
      reflect interaction with and critique of encoding methods which
      emerged from the TEI phase I efforts as documented in TEI-P1;
      see [52] below.

[22]  Guittet, Christian.  "Appendix -- Introduction to SGML.  Extract
      from FORMEX.  Published by the EEC Office of Official
      Publications."  SGML Users' Group Bulletin 1/1 (1986) 26-57.

[23]  Heath, Jim; Welsch, Larry.  "Difficulties in Parsing SGML."  In
      Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Document Processing
      Systems, Santa Fe (5-9 December 1988).  Pages 71-77.  New York:
      Association for Computing Machinery, 1988.  See similarly, by
      the same authors, "Difficulties in Parsing: Suggestions to
      Improve SGML," [TAG] 10 (July 1989) 8-10.

[24]  *Joloboff, Vania.  "Document Representation: Concepts and
      Standards."  In Structured Documents.  Edited by Jacques
      Andr&eacute;, Richard Furuta, and Vincent Quint.  Cambridge
      Series on Electronic Publishing.  Pages 75-105.  Cambridge:
      Cambridge University Press, 1989.  This article examines the
      problem of document representation in computer systems for
      printing, editing or interchange among heterogeneous systems.
      After a discussion of the various possibilities for defining
      documentation representation formalisms, it considers a number
      of standard representations typical of their class: page
      description languages, SGML, Interscript, ODA.  Several other
      articles in the volume are of direct or marginal relevance to
      SGML as a metalanguage for document-structuring.

[25]  Macleod, Ian A.  "Storage and Retrieval of Structured
      Documents."  Information Processing and Management 26/2 (1990)
      197-208.   Abstract: There have been a number of important
      related activities which suggest the need for a new model for
      text.  ISO standards for document description have been recently
      developed.  These standards view documents as hierarchical
      objects and it is likely that languages such as SGML will become
      widely used in the near future for document markup.  As
      structured documents become available, so there will be a need
      to evolve tools to take advantage of structural knowledge.  The
      goal of the work described here is to develop such tools.  A
      conceptual model for bibliographic data has been designed.  The
      model is known as Maestro (Management Environment for Structured
      Text Retrieval and Organization).  It supports structured
      documents and provides a query language to retrieve and link
      information contained in these structures.  In this paper an
      overview of Maestro is presented together with an outline of the
      basic implementation.

[26]  Mamrak, Sandra A.; Kaelbling, Michael J.; Nicholas, C.K.; Share,
      M. "Chameleon: A System for Solving the Data-Translation
      Problem."  IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 15/9
      (September 1989) 1090-1108. ISSN: 0098-5589.   Abstract:  "There
      is a need for widespread exchange of electronic documents in
      domains as diverse as book publishing, automated offices,
      factories, and research laboratories.  The variety of data
      representations, and the subsequent need for data translation,
      is a major obstacle to this exchange.  This paper describes a
      comprehensive data translation system with the following
      characteristics: 1) it is derived from a formal model of the
      translation task; 2) it supports the building of translation
      tools; 3) it supports the use of translation tools; and 4) it is
      accessible to its targeted end-users.  A software architecture
      to achieve the translation capability is fully implemented.
      Translators have been generated using the architecture, both by
      the original software developers and by industrial associates
      who have installed the architecture at their own sites."

      Further note: A subset of the OSU Chameleon Project's more
      recent SGML translation tools is to be made freely available to
      the academic community in 1992.  See [44] and "Free Data
      Translation Software," EPSIG News 4/3 (September 1991) 8-9; cf.
      "Integrated Chameleon Architecture Plans for 91-92 Year," SGML
      Users' Group Newsletter 19 (April 1991) 12-13.

[27]  Moline, Judi; Benigni, Dan; Baronas, Jean (eds).  Proceedings of
      the Hypertext Standardization Workshop [January 16-18, 1990
      National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
      MD].  NIST Sepcial Publication 500-178, March, 1990.  CODEN:
      NSPUE2.  Several papers in this proceedings volume reference
      SGML, HyTime and SMDL as potentially valuable in creating
      hypertext/hypermedia standards.  Reports from the workshop's
      Data Interchange Group and User Requirements Discussion Groups
      likewise identified SGML or SGML-like GIs as having probable
      priority in emerging standards formulations.

[28]  Mumford, Anne (editor).  Document Exchange: The Use of SGML in
      the UK Academic and Research Community.  Workshop Proceedings 5-
      7 March 1990.  Advisory Group on Computer Graphics, 1990.  This
      proceedings volume contains several important contributions on
      SGML (submitted by Anne Mumford, Paul Ellison, Martin Bryan,
      Angella Scheller, David Duce and Ruth Kidd, Tim Niblett, Lou
      Burnard, John Larmouth, Paul Bacsich and Paul Lefrere, Malcolm
      Clark, and Kathleen Crennell).  The volume is available from the
      organizer: Ann M. Mumford, Computer Centre, Loughborough
      University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UNITED KINGDOM; TEL: 44 509
      222312; FAX: 44 392 211603.  See a full list of contributors and
      presentation-titles in "Document Exchange in UK Universities,"
      SGML Users' Group Newsletter 17 (August 1990) 10.

[29]  *Naggum, Erik.  "Answers to Frequently-Asked-Questions (FAQs) -
      for the UseNet Newsgroup comp.text.sgml."  A draft version (0.0,
      1991-12-15) is available via anonymous FTP as
      ftp.ifi.uio.no:SGML/FAQ.0.0 (ftp.ifi.uio.no has the IP address
      129.240.88.1 as of December 1991).  The latest version of the
      FAQ document may be fetched at any time from this public disk
      region, generously sponsored by The University of Oslo,
      Department of Informatics with oversight by Erik Naggum.  The
      FAQ will also be found on servers which archive collections of
      FAQs.  Suggestions for additional questions (or answers) to be
      included in the FAQ may be directed to the author: Erik Naggum;
      Naggum Software; Boks 1570, Vika; 0118 OSLO, NORWAY; Email:
      erik@naggum.no  OR  enag@ifi.uio.no on the Internet.

[30]  Price, Lynne A.  "Graphic Representation of Content Models."
      [TAG] 10 (July 1989) 12-16.  The article demonstrates the use of
      tree structures and (more extensively) FSAs to represent SGML
      content models.  FSAs are useful in revealing ambiguity
      (seemingly equivalent models).  The article is derived from the
      author's tutorial session at the ACM Conference on Document
      Processing Systems, Santa Fe, New Mexico (5-9 December 1988).

[31]  Price, Lynne A.  "Using SGML and TeX for User Documentation."
      In TEXniques No. 7: Proceedings, TeX User's Group 1988 Annual
      Meeting (21-24 August 1988, Montreal).  Pages 203-210.  TeX
      User's Group, 1988.   Abstract: The Standard Generalized Markup
      Language (SGML), defined in International Standard (ISO) 8879,
      is a notation for representing documents and making their
      inherent structure explicit.  The open-ended list of SGML
      applications includes document interchange, formatting or
      typesetting, loading databases for information retrieval,
      stylistic or linguistic analysis, and computer-aided
      translation.  The combination of SGML and TeX is a natural one.
      This paper reviews the philosophy of SGML and then describes a
      particular environment where SGML and TeX are used together,
      giving specific examples of how processing is shared between the
      SGML application and TeX macros.

[32]  Price, Lynne A.; Schneider, Joe.  "Evolution of an SGML Parser
      Generator."  In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Document
      Processing Systems, Santa Fe, 5-9 December 1988.  Pages 51-60.
      New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 1988.   Abstract:
      The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is a notation
      for describing classes of structured documents and for coding
      documents belonging to described classes. An advantage of SGML
      and other grammar-based document representations is the ability
      to perform multiple applications on a single document source
      file. This paper describes the evolution of a software
      development tool for implementing such applications. It explains
      the original design as well as enhancements made during the
      system's first eighteen months. Although  not statistically
      significant, data on the use of the enhanced features are
      presented.  The experience described is relevant to other
      software engineering tools for text processing.

[33]  Raymond, Darrell R.  "Lector - An Interactive Formatter for
      Tagged Text."  Technical Report OED-90-02.  University of
      Waterloo Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary and Text
      Research, August, 1990.  26 pages, 13 figures. Abstract: Lector
      is an X.11 aplication that provides highly interactive text
      formatting.  Unlike text previewers, Lector handles
      descriptively marked-up text, supports multiple styles, and
      interacts well with other programs, including other invocations
      of Lector.  Appropriate selection of texts and styles enables
      Lector to act as a text previewer, database browser, code
      prettyprinter, menu utility, and iconic interface.  Lector's
      implementation revolves around a set of tradeoffs involving
      efficiency, simplicity and generality.  The result demonstrated
      the utility of generalized text display tools.  Note: for
      further details on the Waterloo Centre, see [19].

[34]  Rubinsky, Yuri.  "Standards for Hypertext Interchange."  SGML
      Users' Group Newsletter 15 (January 1990) 14-15.  For more on
      SGML applied to hypertext/hypermedia, see [109], [72] and: (1)
      Yuri Rubinsky, "Standards for Hypertext Interchange Need Not
      Come out of Thin Air,"  [TAG] 11 (October 1989) 4-5; (2) Yuri
      Rubinsky, "Comments on an SGML Application for Hyper- and Multi-
      Media Interchange: Informal Report from the GCA
      Hypertext/Hypermedia Standards Forum,"  [TAG] 11 (October 1989)
      5-6.

[35]  Scheller, Angela.  "Document Standards: Availability and
      Products."  Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 16/1-2 (September
      1988) 138-142.  CODEN: CNISE9.  ISSN: 0169-7552.   Abstract:
      With the growth in the spread of computer networks the demand by
      users for document interchange features is becoming increasingly
      apparent.  The prerequirement for the realization of document
      interchange in a heterogeneous computer environment are
      internationally accepted standards for the description of
      documents.  Already in early 1986, the Standard Generalized
      Markup Language SGML was published as an international standard
      for the structuring of documents.  The publication of the Office
      Document Architecture ODA is expected in the course of 1988.
      The final text is already available.  ODA was originally
      developed for the pure office environment, whereas the concept
      for SGML addressed the author/publisher environment.  This fact
      is mirrored in the current pilot projects testing the standards:
      the manufacturers of office and word-processing systems mainly
      work with ODA, whereas in the technical scientific and
      publishing sectors SGML is often implemented.  Users requiring
      an interface both to the office sector as well as to the
      publishing sector will therefore be confronted with the problems
      related to working with two different, only partially compatible
      standards.

[36]  SGML Users' Group.  "A Brief History of the Development of
      SGML."  3-June-1989.  2 pages.  Printed as a separate document,
      and in the SGML Users' Group Newsletter 14 (October 1989) 6-7,
      and (being free of copyright restrictions) elsewhere, (1) The
      SGML Handbook, [49], Appendix A: pp. 567-570; (2) The SGML
      Source Guide, [134].

[37]  Smith, Joan M.  "The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
      for Humanities Publishing."  Literary and Linguistic Computing
      2/3 (1987) 171-175.  ISSN: 0268-1145.   Abstract: a new
      methodology, and the core of which is generic coding, has been
      developed within the International Organization for
      Standardization (ISO).  This is known as the Standard
      Generalized Markup Language (SGML).  Using SGML, the elements of
      a document are marked up as to their role, be it a paragraph, an
      abstract, a note, or whatever; the style of presentation is a
      separate issue and is not addressed by SGML. These elements can
      form part of a data base, which can be updated at will.  So
      there is the notion of data base publishing.  The Standard
      Generalized Markup Language is presented as a tool for full-text
      data base publishing, where the options for output are open, an
      example being given as a marked up document.  Its value for all
      aspects of humanities publishing is addressed: whether for
      scholarly papers intended for a journal, books, specialist
      publications, dictionaries, or biographies, indeed whatever is
      input to an electronic medium with the intention of being imaged
      subsequently in some form; whether alone, in part, or in
      combination with other text.  SGML represents an advance in
      publishing methodology, taking advantage of developing
      technology.  It can be exploited as such in an academic
      environment to give an added dimension to research publications.

[38]  Smith, Joan M.  "Standard Generalized Markup Language and
      Related Standards." Computing Communications 12/2 (April 1989)
      80-84.

[39]  *SoftQuad, Inc.  The SGML Primer. SoftQuad's Quick Reference
      Guide to the Essentials of the Standard: The SGML Needed for
      Reading a DTD and Marked-up Documents and Discussing them
      Reasonably.  Version 2.0. Toronto: SoftQuad Inc., May 1991.  36
      pages.  Available from SoftQuad Inc.; 56 Aberfoyle Crescent,
      Suite 810; Toronto, Ontario; Canada M8X 2W4; TEL: +1 (416) 239-
      4801; FAX: +1 (416) 239-7105.

[40]  Software Exoterica.  "Understanding the SGML Declaration."
      Release 2.0. Ottawa: Software Exoterica Corporation, February
      19, 1991.  Technical Report ECM03-0291.  iv + 34 pages.
      Available from: Software Exoterica Corporation; 383 Parkdale
      Avenue, Suite 406; Ottawa, Ontario; CANADA K1Y 4R4; TEL: +1
      (613) 722-1700; TEL: +1 (800) 565-XGML; FAX: +1 (613) 722-5706.

[41]  Tompa, Frank W.  "What is (Tagged) Text?"  In Dictionaries in
      the Electronic Age: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference
      of the UW Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary (18-19
      September 1989, St. Catherine's College, Oxford). Volume 2.
      Pages 81-93.  Waterloo, Ontario: UW Centre for the New OED,
      1989.  Note: for further details on the Waterloo Centre, see
      [19].


[42]  *"Use of SGML Markup."  Chapter 2 (pp. 9-38) in Guidelines for
      the Encoding and Interchange of Machine-Readable Texts (Text
      Encoding Initiative, Draft Version 1.0).  See [52] in section 3
      below.

[43]  Vooren, Ludo van. "Implementing SGML: Where Do You Start?" [TAG]
      13 (February 1990) 5-7.  This contribution proposes implementing
      SGML in several stages: Document Analysis, Process Design,
      Document Type Declaration Writing, Document Preparation.  Also
      published in SGML Users' Group Newsletter 17 (August 1990) 5-7.

[44]  Walter, Mark.  "OSU's Chameleon Architecture: A Grammatical
      Approach to Translation and DTDs."  Seybold Report on Publishing
      Systems 20/7 (December 24, 1990) 17-23.  Describes the approach
      taken by the Chameleon Research Group at the Department of
      Computer and Information Science at Ohio State University in
      building SGML translators and DTDs.  See more on Chameleon sub
      [26].

[45]  Warmer, Jos; Egmond, Sylvia van.  "The Implementation of the
      Amsterdam SGML Parser."  Electronic Publishing: Origination,
      Dissemination and Design (EPOdd) 2/2 (July 1989) 65-90. ISSN:
      0894-3982.   Abstract: The Standard Generalized Markup Language
      (SGML) is an ISO Standard that specifies a language for document
      representation.  This paper gives a short introduction to SGML
      and describes the (Vrije Universiteit) Amsterdam SGML Parser and
      the problems we encountered in implementing the Standard. These
      problems include the interpretation of the Standard in places
      where it is ambiguous and the technical problems in parsing SGML
      documents.  Note: the parser is available electronically via
      anonymous-FTP; see [123].

[46]  Wu, Gilbert.  SGML Theory and Practice.  British Library
      Research Paper 68.  British Library Research and Development
      Department, 1989.  ISSN: 0269-9257 No. 68; ISBN 0-7123-3211-1.
      93 pages.

