# 1999/5/3

#==================#
# existence exists #
#==================#

"existence exists" is an intuitively appealing statement.
It is an analogy which helps us to grasp a difficult concept,
but it is an invalid statement, as I will demonstrate.

The context for all statements (except under NOTE below)
is this concept-hierarchy:

    existent
        entity
        characteristic
            attribute
            action
            relationship
                isa
                is
                has
                do
                isin
                haspart
                all
        part
        relation

entity
#====#
Let's start with a simpler concept, "entity".
Consider the following statements (in KR)
1. entity isa existent
2. entity is entity
3. entity has identity
4. entity has characteristic
5. entity has part
6. entity has attribute
7. entity do action
8. entity do exist
9. entity isin relationship
10. entity haspart part

Remarks re statements:
1. valid -- best translation of English "an entity exists"
2. valid -- best translation of English "an entity is what it is"
3. invalid -- intuitively appealing, but identity is not an attribute
4. invalid -- intuitively appealing, but characteristic is not an attribute
5. invalid -- intuitively appealing, but part is not an attribute
6. valid -- best translation of English such as
		"the ball is red" <=> KR "the ball has red"
7. valid -- best translation of English such as
		"Dutchess barks" <=> KR "Dutchess do bark"
8. valid -- if you view "exist" as an action
9. valid -- best translation of English such as
		"Dick is in the phonebook" <=> KR "Dick isin the phonebook"
		(where "the phonebook" is viewed as a relationship between
		a phone and a person)
10. valid -- best translation of English such as
		"a man has a brain" <=> KR "man haspart brain"

existent
#======#
Moving on to a more complex concept, "existent",
consider the following statements (in KR).
1. existent is existent
2. existent has identity
3. existent has existence
4. existent has attribute
5. existent do action
6. existent do exist
7. existent isin relationship
8. existent haspart part

Remarks:
1. valid -- it is what it is
2. invalid -- identity is not an attribute
3. invalid -- existence is not an attribute
4. valid -- e.g.: action has attribute
5. invalid -- only entities do actions
6. invalid -- only entities do actions
7. valid -- e.g.: relationship isin genus-species relationship
		(relationship isa characteristic)
8. valid -- e.g.: concept-hierarchy haspart concept

existence
#=======#
Finally, the group (universal collective concept), "existence".
Consider the following statements (in KR).
1. existence is existence
2. existence is identity
3. existence has identity
4. existence has existence
5. existence do exist

Remarks:
1. valid -- it is what it is
2. false -- in the context of the concept-hierarchy given above
		existence is all existent
		identity is all relation
		(but see NOTE below)
3. invalid -- identity is not an attribute
4. invalid -- existence is not an attribute
5. invalid -- best translation of English "existence exists",
		but only entities do actions
		(but see NOTE below)


#======#
# NOTE #
#======#
In the context
    existent
	[existent is existent]
	[entity isa existent]
	[characteristic isa existent]
	[part isa existent]
	[attribute isa characteristic]
	[action isa characteristic]
	[relationship isa characteristic]
	[entity has attribute]
	[entity do action]
	[entity isin relationship]
	[entity haspart part]
	...

the statements (in KR)
1. relation is existent
2. existence is all existent
3. identity is all relation
4. existence is identity
5. existence do exist
are
1. true
2. true
3. true
4. true
5. false  (only entities do actions)

In the context
    everything
	existent
	    entity
	characteristic
	    attribute
	    action
	    relationship
	part
	relation

the statements (in KR)
1. relation is existent
2. existence is all existent
3. identity is all relation
4. existence is identity
5. existence do exist
are
1. false  (relation isa everything)
2. true
3. true
4. false
5. true   (entity do exist)
